Human Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Disease - Essay Example This is because such resources are subjected to prerequisite verifications before their publication. Grace, a sixty five year old woman, noted some changes in her cognitive ability that she associated with the general assumption that body processes slow down as people age. Her condition however continued to deteriorate with symptoms that were not reported by people of her age or those who were older than she was. Diagnosis of her condition as Alzheimer’s disease identifies a number of factors as possible causes. Her old age, being 65 years old is one of the risk factors that could have caused the disease. Genetic factors that could have been indicated by the disease’s diagnosis among her close relatives such as sibling or parents, or existence of particular genes in her system are another possible set of causes of her changed condition. Having a reported case of a cardiovascular disease or extreme level of mental stress as well as her gender could also have facilitated development of Grace’s disease. The disease could have therefore independently developed in h er or she could have inherited it from her parents through genes (Jasmin, p. 1). Changes in Grace’s cognitive ability that included forgetfulness of tasks and procedures, reduced ability to perform duties, and reduced decision-making ability raised her concerns of a possible problem. Complications that were more serious and that included change in behavior, difficulty to communicate, deteriorated memory and poor cognitive ability then prompted her medical attentions (National, p. 1; Jasmin, p. 1). Even though the disease started with mild symptoms, it gradually worsened to more serious symptoms and adverse effects on the patient. She for example lost her ability to coordinate words into sentences for communication. There was also a significant level of emotional instability as she could easily get angry and overreact to conditions that never bothered

Grossman's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention Essay

Grossman's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention - Essay Example The researcher states that cardiac telemetry helps in diagnosing the yield of arrhythmia and manages therapeutic caused by the consumption of antiarrhythmic drugs. They expected for arrhythmias to occur during post angiogram at approximately two hours. The cardiologists examined the condition of softness particularly on the femoral vein and the neurovascular observations as well as the rate of bleeding on both legs of the patient in every hour of operation. It suggests that Popliteral Femoralie maybe had experienced numbness in his legs which could have resulted from the failure of blood supply through lunar or radial arteries. Since the cardiologists observed on femoral veins, therefore, they mostly focused on lunar artery which is located in the legs. During angioplasty, femoral angiography is more efficient than radial angiography and this case that is why the cardiologists opt to do it on the patients’ legs where the lunar artery is located. Cardiologists seem to have inse rted the catheter through the lunar artery which is mostly associated with a lot of bleeding. Lidocaine is usually injected into patient’s body in either through the arm or the upper leg close to the hip. It numbs the body but does not make the patient to sleep. The catheter is threaded up to the heart through an artery with no pain. An x-ray camera although not mentioned, in this case, can assist in projecting images of the arteries on the screen where cardiologists can intervene about the obstruction in the artery. A contrast is later injected for it to flow up to the heart. If an impasse is found, a guide-wire is usually passed crosswise the narrowed segment which supports in placing a tiny balloon in that region. An inserted balloon catheter is later inflated many times where it flattens lamination inside an artery where the artery may crack, and the blockage is gone.

Research Methodology In Management Decisions Management Essay

Research Methodology In Management Decisions Management Essay Abstract Inline with planning and development, the quality and content of the supporting research is of great importance. It is therefore very necessary to design and adhere to an appropriate research methodology. The research methodology differs from one problem to another, but the basic approach remains the same. The objective of this assignment is to familiarize the art of using different research methods and techniques. This outline will assist in the accomplishment of exploratory, as well as result-oriented research studies. The following are the considerations which will be covered within the preview of research methodology. Objective of Business Research, Types of Research, and Types of Research Approach, Benefits, Business Research Requirements and Problems, Contents of a Research Plan, Features of a Business Research Report. Introduction and Needs: Introduction to Business Research In the present fast track business environment marked by cutthroat competition, many organizations rely on business research to gain a competitive advantage and greater market share. Business Research will be the pursuit of the truth with the observation of study, an comparison and experiment. The knowledge can be searched through objectives and systematic methods of finding solution to the entire problem. Discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon. Research comprises the following: Defining and redefining problems. An art of formal training which enables one to understand the new developments in ones field in a better way. Search for knowledge, scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic, an art of scientific investigation. Careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Systematized effort to gain new knowledge. An original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. The Business Research Problem 1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research 2. Most of the business units do not have the confidenceThat the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused. They are often reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be sacrosanct to business organizations. 3. Research to many researchers is mostly a scissor and paste job without any insight shed on the collated materials. Due to this the research results, quite often, do not reflect the reality or realities. My Idea There is a need for generating the confidence that the information/data obtained from a business unit will not be misused. Good research is structured systematically with specified steps and sequence to be taken in accordance with the well defined set of all rules. Care should be taken that the systematic characteristic of the research work does not rule out our creative thinking but it certainly does not reject the use of guessing intuition in arriving at conclusions. Good research is empirical as it is related to basically one or more aspects of the real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for all external validity to have a research results. Good research is replicable as it allows research results to be verified by expert in replicating the study for building a sound basis for decision. 1. Objective of Business Research To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else and to test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. To understand the market trends, or find the optimal marketing mix, devise effective HR Policies, or find the best investment options. 2. Types of Research 2.1 Application of Descriptive Research For descriptive studied in which the researcher seeks to measure items such as, frequency of shopping, preferences of people etc. Method of research utilized are, Survey methods of all kinds, Comparative methods and Co-relational methods 2.2 Analytical Research The researcher has to use facts of information already available. The researcher has to analyze facts to make a critical evaluation of the material. 2.3 Applied Research Its main purpose is to find a solution for an immediate problem facing by a society or an industrial business organisation and to discover a solution for some pressing practical problems. For example, Research studied concerning human behavior must be carried on with a view to make generalizations about human behavior. Research aimed at certain conclusions facing a concrete social or business problem. 2.4 Fundamental Research It concerned with generalization and with the formulation of a theory. For example, Research concerning some natural phenomenon, Research relating to pure mathematics. 2.5 Quantitative Research Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. It concerned with qualitative phenomenon and phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. 2.6 Attitude or opinion research It is a qualitative research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution 2.7 Qualitative Research It has importance in the behavioral sciences. Its aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behavior. It analyzes the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. 3. Types of Research Approach 3.1 Quantitative Approach It involves the generation of data in quantitative form, which can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion. 3.2 Experimental approach Greater control over the research environment and some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on to other variables. 3.3 Qualitative Approach It is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behavior. Techniques used are Focus group interviews, Projective techniques and Depth interviews. 4. Benefits of Business Research 4.1 Benefits in business and Industry Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system the plight of cultivators, the problems of distribution, size and nature of defense services etc. It collects information on the economic and social structure of the nation; which indicates what is happening in the economy and what changes are taking place. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. 4.2 Benefits for professions, philosophers and thinkers Its responsibility as a science is to develop a body of principles that make possible the understanding and prediction of the whole range of human interactions. Because of its social orientation, it is increasingly being looked to for practical guidance in solving immediate problems of human relations. 5. Contents of Research Plan 5.1 Layout of the Report Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough information about the study so that he or she can place it in its general scientific context; judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. Following are some suggestions, though styles may differ. 5.2 Preliminary Pages In its preliminary pages the report should carry a title and date, and put acknowledgements at the end in the form of Preface or Foreword. Then, a table of contents, list of tables and illustrations so that anybody can easily locate the required information in the report. 5.3 Main Text This provides the complete and detailed outline of the research report. The title of the research study is repeated at the top of the first page of the main text and then follows the other details on pages numbered consecutively, beginning with the second page. The main texts have the following sections. a. Introduction findings b. The result c. The implications drawn from the result and d. The summary. The main body of the report should be presented in logical sequence and broken-down into readily identifiable sections. The key findings are concisely presented in the executive summary running into 100-200 words or a maximum of two pages. The major thrust should be on highlighting the objectives, salient features, and analysis of the results including the recommendations 5.3.1 Introduction It includes Clear statement of the objectives of research. A brief summary of other relevant research so that the present study can be seen in that context. The hypotheses of study Definitions of concepts The methodology adopted The statistical analysis adopted The scope of the study and The various limitations should be mentioned. 5.3.2 Results It includes a. The main body of the report b. Statistical summaries All relevant results must find a place in the report and must be presented in logical sequence and split into readily identifiable sections. 5.3.3 Implications of the results It includes a. A statement of the inferences drawn from the present study which may be expected to apply in similar circumstances. b. The condition of the present study which may limit the extent of legitimate generalizations of the inferences drawn from the study. c. The relevant questions that still remain unanswered or new questions raised by the study along with suggestion for the kind of research that would provide answers for them. 5.3.4 Summary It has become customary to conclude the research report with a brief summary, describing in brief the research problem, the methodology, the findings and conclusions drawn from the research results. 5.4 End Matter At the end, appendices should be enlisted such as questionnaires, sample information, mathematical derivations etc in respect of all technical data . Bibliography of sources consulted should be given and index should invariably be given at the end of the report. The value of index is the fact that lies in the works as a guide to the reader for the contents of all the report. 6. Criteria of Good Business Research 1. Purpose should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. Statements should be short and direct. 2. Underlining relevant parts for better emphasis 3. Pictures and graphs accompanying tables. 4. Graphics and animations accompanying the presentation of the report. 5. Procedure should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. 7. Features of a Business Research Report 7.1 Problem Definition A problem is any situation which requires further investigations. Decisions made on the judgments may not always turn out to be correct, but the problem may not be important enough to justify substantial time, money and effort to be spent on solving. It is correctly said that a problem well defined is half solved. Clear, precise, to the point statement of the problem itself provides clues for the solution .On the other hand a vague, general, or inaccurate statement of the problem only confuses the researcher and can lead to wrong problem being researched and useless results generated. 7.2 Research Objectives Address the purpose of the project. The basic purpose of research is to facilitate the decision making process. Every research follows a set of well-planned objectives. The general and specific objectives should be stated. These can be adjusted for sequencing without changing their basic nature. The research objectives can take the form of questions and statements. 7.3 Background Material à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Include a review of the previous research or descriptions of conditions that caused the project to be authorized. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It may entail preliminary results from an experience survey or secondary data from various sources. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The references from secondary data, definitions and assumptions are included. 7.4 Methodology 1. Sampling Design 2. Research Design 3. Data Collection 4. Data analysis 5. Limitations 6. Findings 7. Conclusions 8. Recommendations 9. Appendices 10. Bibliography 7.4.1 Sampling Design Here Researcher defines the target population and the sampling methods put to use. It contains other necessary information such as: 1. Types of sampling (probability or non-probability) used 2. Types of probability sampling (Simple random or complex random) or non-probability sampling (quota sampling or snowball sampling) used. 3. The factors influenced the determination of sample size and selection of the sampling elements. 4. The levels of confidence and the margin of acceptable error. 7.4.2 Research Design Should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible. It should contain information on: Nature of research design Design of questionnaires Questionnaire development and pre-testing Data that was gathered Sources (both primary and secondary) from which data was collected Scales and instruments used Designs of sampling, coding and method of data input. Strength and weaknesses Copies of materials used and the technical details could be placed in the appendix. 7.4.3 Data Collection The collection of primary data for business research is of paramount importance to assist management in making decision. Generally, information regarding a large number of characteristics is necessary to analyze any problem pertaining to management. The collection of primary data requires a great deal of deliberation and expertise. 7.4.4 Data Analysis Provides information on the different methods used to analyze the data. It should justify the choice of the methods based on assumptions. It should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully. It provides details on: a) Data handling b) Groundwork analysis, c) Rational statistical test and analysis. 7.4.5 Limitations Certain researchers tend to avoid this section but this is not a sign of professionalism. There should be a tactful combination of reference and explanation of the various methodologies and their limitations of implementation problems. The limitations need not be explained in detail. Details of limitation do not detract from the research. They help the reader in acknowledging its honesty and validity. 7.4.6 Findings It is better to report one finding per page and support it with quantitative data It presents all the relevant data but makes no attempt to draw any inferences The section attempts to bring to the fore any pattern in the industry Charts, graphs, and tables are generally used to present quantitative data 7.4.7 Conclusions Conclusions are inferences drawn from the findings. It should be directly related to the research objectives or hypotheses. Researcher should always present the conclusions as he has first hand knowledge of the research study. It is wrong to leave the inference of the conclusions on the reader. It should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. Towards the end of the main text, researcher should again put down the results of his research clearly and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up. 7.4.8 Recommendations Recommendations are a few corrective actions presented by the researcher. Highlight the actions the report calls for as per the researcher. It should be in line with the results of the report. It should be explicit. They may even contain plans of how future research for the same can proceed. Recommendation should be given if the client wants them else should be avoided because some decision-makers do not want their thought process to be limited to the recommendations given. In such a case, the report should not carry any recommendations. 7.4.9 Appendices Appendices are optional. It includes Raw data Calculations, Graphs Copies of forms and questionnaires Complex tables Instructions to field workers Quantitative material that would look inappropriate in the main text. The reader can refer to them if required. Care should be taken that they do not exist in isolation and reference to each appendix is given in the text. 7.4.10 Bibliography There is a list of citations and references of books and periodical articles on the particular topics, journals etc., consulted should also be given in the end. 7.4.11 Index Index is given specially in a published research report. It contains all the works consulted in the preparation of the report, not just those referred to in the text. A consistent reference format should be used all through the section Conclusions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Research will require the collection of new data through surveys and/or the use of existing data such as is often the case in the application of econometrics. These approaches are often associated with survey statisticians and economists, respectively. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Report should be written in a concise and objective style in simple language avoiding vague expressions such as it seems, there may be, and the like. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Charts and illustrations in the main report should be used only if they present the information more clearly and forcibly.

The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children

Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims. The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims.

Fast Food or Sit down Restaurants Essay

Enjoying your food with warm cooked bread along with sweet butter to spread and an iced cold drink to top it all off, or Rushing to eat your food because you feel as if you have to scarf it down before it gets to cold. Sit down restaurant or fast food what would you prefer? Sitting down talking, ordering refills and desserts is my favorite while at a sit down restaurant but sometimes I am in a bit of a hurry and need to swing bye and get something fast that is easy to eat in a short amount of time. Some people may think fast food compared to sit down restaurants are almost the same but they do have many differences. Comparing two local food businesses such as Taco Bell and Texas Road House, there prices I would like to say are a little low but the other are a little high. Taco Bell is considered a fast food joint, and is a place to go when you may be low on cash or even when you may want something fast and easy after a long day at work to feed your family. Taco Bell always has deals and low prices for those times when you want something good not to expensive but worth your money. Texas Road house on the other hand is the opposite this is the place to go when you just got a really good paycheck and feel as if you and your boyfriend need to be spoiled or maybe just want to have a night and go somewhere that will have fun serving you and also do not mind if you get a little crazy cause that’s what having fun is all about.. Texas Road House is considered a Steak House and it is somewhere to go when you want to enjoy a delicious meal and maybe even some drinks to have just a great night out ye s you will be spending way more then you would if you went to Taco Bell but Texas road house always fulfills my taste buds and its worth the money every time. For some people the environment Is the most important part about eating at a restaurant. Some like it quiet and not to be bothered others like it loud and packed. When picking a place like taco bell it is a very quiet place to go and eat and rarely do you go in and enjoy your meal. Texas Road House on the other hand is very loud and there is always a long waiting list because it’s so packed. Not only is the environment important but also how clean the place is to, taco bell is always on top of cleaning and how nice and clean  there lobby is and also there bathrooms too. Texas Road house is clean besides all the peanuts you bring home on your shoes bathrooms are always kept up and you always leave with a full stomach.. To me having something fun at your restaurant is good it gives the place character and everyone knows where to go when they just feel like a bag of peanuts, or when you need some extra hot sauce packets at home. When it comes to different food items at these two places, they are different but that’s what makes each place unique. Taco bell has burritos, tacos, nachos, Mexican pizza etc. Texas Road House has a variety of things burgers, steaks, salads, baked potatoes, bread rolls, and so much more but each place does have a signature sauce they serve, taco bell has there mild ,medium, hot, and Verde sauce while Texas road house there steak sauce and there butter that everyone loves. Not only do you need the sauces and butters with your meal but you do need drinks as well. Taco bell has a variety of different pops, while Texas road house has pop, tea, lemonade, beer, margaritas, shots, etc. Taco bell compared to Texas Road house are very different in their own ways.

The economy of the early Roman Empire

The economy of the early Roman Empire and the late Republic of Rome was driven primarily by trade. Although in modern times history the economic basis of the Roman Empire has been neglected and focus has been directed to the exploits of the Roman Legions and Lingua France of Latin, it is important to note that Rome had an estimated population of over a million and to sustain its population, the economy had to be centered on a central avenue and this avenue was trade.Most of the Romans were traders and this ensured that the empire lasted a long time, probably one of the longest lasting empires the world will ever witness[1].Theoretically, there was a prohibition of the members of the senate to be indulged in business and this also applied to their family members. However, the Equestrian Order members were hugely involved in business not withstanding the fact they belonging to the upper class, the society expected them to be involved more in leisure and military activities and pursuits .There were also a huge proportion of slaves who were responsible for doing most of the work while the Plebeians practically held shops and manned stalls around the vicinity of the markets.The slaves were also involved in the commerce of the empire and they played a great role in giving the empire's commerce a distinct flavor compared to other commerce in the world[2].Thesis StatementThe study will focus on the Roman Empire involvement in the Mediterranean trade and how this trade was conducted and how it benefited the Roman Empire. The study will look in the Maritime routes that were present during the trade and how they helped in the development of trade among various regions in the world including Asia, India, Africa and Western Europe.The study will also strive to look into the regions that benefited from the various commodities of the trade and how they came to be powerful empires as well. This study will look into the ancient Roman trade partners and what commodities were exch anged during the trade.The Study will also look into the importance of certain commodities to the Roman Empire and chief among them will be marble.Maritime RoutesArchaeological studies of the ancient maritime trends supported by manuscripts derived from Classical antiquity have proved that the Roman Empire was in possession of numerous fleets of ships. Also as a show of evidence of the maritime trade conducted by the Roman Empire are the ruins and remains of lighthouses, moles, harbors and warehouses which were found in the ports of Caesarea Maritima, Ostia, Civitavecchia, Leptis Magna and Portus.As with other forms of technology, the Roman maritime technology was not as advanced as that of the Greeks. It is evidence that the Roman fleets were constructed with great concern about the security of the fleets.This is because there was lead sheeting for hulls which were meant for protection. They used sailing ships which were round hulled. One of the factors that led to the success of t he Roman Maritime Commerce was the continued policing that run over a number of centuries. This was necessitated by the fact that their ships had been an easy prey for the pirates[3].The sea transport was widely used for transporting of commodities which were low valued yet very bulky. This mainly comprised of construction materials and grains. One of the reasons for this was that the sea transport was the cheapest mode of transport that the Roman Empire could afford. They used to import cereals and papyrus from Ptolemaic Egypt and this followed a continuous fashion[4].The Roman Empire trade via the Indian Ocean blossomed in the first two centuries of CE. The Roman sailors would make use of the Monsoon winds to cross to such ports as Myos Hormos, Roman Egypt, Red Sea Muziris and Malabar Coast. The Tamil dynasties were their leading trade partners the region of Southern India and this can be evidenced by the numerous Roman artifacts that are found in India.[1] Donkin, Robin A. (2003) . Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company, p. 45, pp 65 – 94 [2] Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press pp 54 – 96. [3] Casson, L., Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1971. pp 12 – 59 [4] Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. pp. 87 – 198.

Environment Cleaning Potential of Microorganisms Essays

Environment Cleaning Potential of Microorganisms Essays Environment Cleaning Potential of Microorganisms Paper Environment Cleaning Potential of Microorganisms Paper Bioremediation, a form of biotechnology, involves the use of the actions of microorganisms to aid in the removal of oil spills in oceans throughout the world. In essence, the process of bioremediation takes advantages of the biodegradation capabilities of microorganisms, which pertains to the capacity to break down and utilize various compounds, one of which is petroleum (Congress of the United States [CUS], 1991). Although by definition it is rather simple, bioremediation is not as easy as placing certain microorganism at oil spills. There are three different approaches used in bioremediation depending upon the conditions. The three methods are nutrient enrichment, indigenous microorganism seeding, and genetically altered microorganism seeding (CUS, 1991). In relation to this, the best known microorganisms that degrade oil are from strains of Bacteroides, Cytophaga, and Flexibacter, which are all gram negative bacteria (MacNaughton et al., 1999). The fact that bioremediation is considered as biotechnology is easily proven. Given that the term biotechnology is a generalization of the use and application of organisms and related processes for the benefit of humans, in this case, microorganisms are used to improve the condition of the environment which evidently improves the environment and eventually benefits humans. Due to biotechnology being associated with alterations in known organisms, the public has often been concerned about the negative impacts which biotechnology may bring. In this case, however, the main concern is the possibility that the added microorganisms might alter ecological balance. This is easily refuted as studies have shown that upon clearing the spill, the oil degrading microorganisms become significantly minute in terms of number, hence allowing the natural balance during normal conditions to persist. The only question whether bioremediation may be used is regarding the capacity of the government to provide such solutions. Therefore, in a purely environmental and biological sense, bioremediation is the best and safest possible way of eliminating oil spills in the ocean. References MacNaughton, S. J., Stephen, J. R., Venosa, A. D., Davis, G. A., Chang, Y., White, D. C. (1999, August). Microbial population changes during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65 (8), 3566 – 3574. United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1991, May). Bioremediation for Marine Oil Spills- Background Paper, OTA-BP-O-70. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved May 14, 2009, from fas.org/ota/reports/9109.pdf.