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amy amy - triple science student Essay Static electricity 15 May 2014 20:13 Static electricity is due to electric charge building up and friction. A neutral object has an equal amount of protons and electrons and becomes Negatively charged when it gains electrons. Only electrons transfer in an atom and are transferred by friction. + + = repel + - = attract - - = repel Uses of static electricity Photocopier - the coping plate is given a charge. An image of the page is projected on the Charged copying plate. Where light hits the plate and the charge leaks away leaving a pattern on the page. Black ink powder is attracted to the charged parts of the plate. Blank ink powder transferred onto the paper. The paper is heated so the powder melts and sticks to the paper. This is now a photocopy. Car paint sprayer - the spray gun is positively charged so every paint particle is also. The car given a negative charge so attracts paint. Less paint wasted. Vehicle receives even coat and covers shadow zones. Smoke precipitator - smoke is solid particles. The smoke particles are given a negative charge when are passed through negatively charged grid. so they are attracted to positive collecting plates. Plates are knocked to remove particles. Earthing of fuel pipes - an object they may be charged is connected to the earth through an earth wire so charge flows through pipe. This is down with aeroplanes and lorries preventing sparks igniting for a fire or explosion. AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS THE FLOW OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS THROUGH CONDUCTING MATERIALS AND IS MEASURED IN AMPS. ELECTRIC CHARGE IS MEASURED IN COULOMB. AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE THAT MOVES IN A CIRCUIT DEPENDS ON THE CURRENT FLOW AND HOW LONG IT FLOWS FOR. CHARGE = CURRENT X TIME COULOMB AMP SECONDS Q I T Parallel and series circuits. Parallel - multiple pathways Series - one pathway / route. .Q:. "It  ¥0 or Junction series Series circuit - potential difference is shared. Bulbs are resistors. Parallel circuit - potential difference same for all bulbs. V=V1=V2 Series circuit - current stays the same throughout Parallel circuit - the current is split between the two pathways. Current, potential difference and resistance. Resistance is the push against the flow of electrons so reduces the size of the current. Causes of resistance Current Conductors Collisions Heating effect Resistance Resistance = P.D à ·current v RI : in RI v." X Resistance is measured in ohms - â„ ¦ A resistor reduces current. A variable resistor allows its resistance to be changed. A fixed resistor has a resistance that remains the same. resistor Fixed resistor Low current gives a dim light bulb and low resistance in bulb. High current gives a bright light bulb and a high resistance in bulb. This is because there is more electron and collisions into the atoms of tungsten causing friction and resistance which gives heat and the bulb has the most resistance when it is hot. V= energy per unit charge. Directly proportional Temp. constant Gradient constant Resistance constant current Voltage Steeper the gradient Of the line the lower the resistance. Current Voltage Ohms law : "the current through a resistor is directly proportional to the Potential difference applied to it as long as the temperature remains constant". The resistance would be constant at a constant temperature Transferring energy When current flows through a resistor energy is transferred to the resistor so it warms. A current in a wire is a flow of electrons, as the electrons move in a metal they collide with the ions in the lattice and transfer energy to them. Power is the energy transferred every second. is P = I x V

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend Elizabeth Keckley was a former slave who became the dressmaker and friend of Mary Todd Lincoln and a frequent visitor to the White House during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Her memoir, which was ghost-written (and spelled her surname as Keckley though she seemed to have written it as Keckly) and published in 1868, provided an eyewitness account to life with the Lincolns. The book appeared under controversial circumstances, and was apparently suppressed at the direction of Lincolns son, Robert Todd Lincoln. But despite the controversy surrounding the book, Keckleys accounts of Abraham Lincolns personal work habits, observations on the everyday circumstances of the Lincoln family, and a moving account of the death of young Willie Lincoln, have been considered reliable. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Keckley Born: About 1818, Virginia.Died: May 1907, Washington, D.C.Known for: Former slave who opened a dressmaking business in Washington, D.C., before the Civil War and became a trusted friend of Mary Todd Lincoln.Publication: Wrote a memoir of life in the White House during the Lincoln administration which provided unique insight into the Lincoln family. Her friendship with Mary Todd Lincoln, though unlikely, was genuine. Keckleys role as a frequent companion of the first lady was depicted in the Steven Spielberg film Lincoln, in which Keckley was portrayed by actress Gloria Rueben. Early Life of Elizabeth Keckley Elizabeth Keckley was born in Virginia in 1818 and spent the first years of her life living on the grounds of Hampden-Sydney College. Her owner, Col. Armistead Burwell, worked for the college. Lizzie was assigned work, which would have been typical for slave children. According to her memoir, she was beaten and whipped when she failed at tasks. She learned to sew growing up, as her mother, also a slave, was a seamstress. But young Lizzie resented not being able to receive an education. When Lizzie was a child, she believed a slave named George Hobbs, who belonged to the owner of a another Virginia farm, was her father. Hobbs was allowed to visit Lizzie and her mother on holidays, but during Lizzies childhood the owner of Hobbs moved to Tennessee, taking his slaves with him. Lizzie had memories of saying goodbye to her father. She never saw George Hobbs again. Lizzie later learned that her father was actually Col. Burwell, the man who had owned her mother. Slave owners fathering children with female slaves was not uncommon in the South, and at the age of 20 Lizzie herself had a child with a plantation owner who lived nearby. She raised the child, whom she named George. When she was in her mid-twenties, a member of the family who owned her moved to St. Louis to begin a law practice, taking Lizzie and her son along. In St. Louis she resolved to eventually buy her freedom, and with the help of white sponsors, she was eventually able to obtain legal papers declaring herself and her son free. She had been married to another slave, and thus acquired the last name Keckley, but the marriage did not last. With some letters of introduction, she traveled to Baltimore, seeking to start a business making dresses. She found little opportunity in Baltimore, and moved to Washington, D.C., where she was able to set herself up in business. Washington Career Keckleys dressmaking business began to flourish in Washington. The wives of politicians and military officers often needed fancy gowns to attend events, and a talented seamstress, as Keckley was, could obtain a number of clients. According to Keckleys memoir, she was contracted by the wife of Senator Jefferson Davis to sew dresses and work in the Davis household in Washington. She thus met Davis a year before he would become president of the Confederate States of America. Keckley also recalled sewing a dress for the wife of Robert E. Lee at the time when he was still an officer in the U.S. Army. Following the election of 1860, which brought Abraham Lincoln to the White House, the slave states began to secede and Washington society changed. Some of Keckleys customers traveled southward, but new clients arrived in town. Keckley's Role In the Lincoln White House In the spring of 1860 Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary, and their sons moved to Washington to take up residence in the White House. Mary Lincoln, who was already gaining a reputation for acquiring fine dresses, was looking for a new dressmaker in Washington. The wife of an Army officer recommended Keckley to Mary Lincoln. And after a meeting at the White House on the morning after Lincolns inauguration in 1861, Keckley was hired by Mary Lincoln to create dresses and dress the first lady for important functions. There is no question that Keckleys placement in the Lincoln White House made her a witness to how the Lincoln family lived. And while Keckleys memoir was obviously ghost-written, and is no doubt embellished, her observations have been considered credible. One of the most moving passages in Keckleys memoir is the account of the illness of young Willie Lincoln in early 1862. The boy, who was 11, became sick, perhaps from polluted water in the White House. He died in the executive mansion on February 20, 1862. Keckley recounted the sorrowful state of the Lincolns when Willie died and described how she helped prepare his body for the funeral. She vividly described how Mary Lincoln had descended into a period of deep mourning. It was Keckley who told the story of how Abraham Lincoln had pointed out the window to an insane asylum, and said to his wife, Try to control your grief or it will drive you mad, and we may have to send you there. Historians have noted that the incident could not have happened as described, as there was no asylum within view of the White House. But her account of Mary Lincolns emotional problems still seem generally credible. Keckley's Memoir Caused Controversy Elizabeth Keckley became more than an employee of Mary Lincoln, and the women seemed to develop a close friendship which spanned the entire time the Lincoln family lived in the White House. On the night Lincoln was assassinated, Mary Lincoln sent for Keckley, though she did not receive the message until the following morning. Arriving at the White House on the day of Lincolns death, Keckley found Mary Lincoln nearly irrational with grief. According to Keckleys memoir, she remained with Mary Lincoln during the weeks when Mary Lincoln would not leave the White House as Abraham Lincolns body was returned to Illinois during a two-week funeral which traveled by train. The women stayed in touch after Mary Lincoln moved to Illinois, and in 1867 Keckley became involved in a scheme in which Mary Lincoln tried to sell some valuable dresses and furs in New York City. The plan was to have Keckley act as an intermediary so buyers would not know the items belonged to Mary Lincoln, but the plan fell through. Mary Lincoln returned to Illinois, and Keckley, left in New York City, found work which coincidentally put her in touch with a family connected to a publishing business. According to a newspaper interview she gave when she was nearly 90 years old, Keckley was essentially duped into writing her memoir with the help of a ghost writer. When her book was published in 1868, it attracted attention as it presented facts about the Lincoln family which no one could have known. At the time it was considered very scandalous, and Mary Lincoln resolved to have nothing more to do with Elizabeth Keckley. The book became hard to obtain, and it was widely rumored that Lincolns oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, had been buying up all available copies to prevent it from achieving wide circulation. Despite the peculiar circumstances behind the book, it has survived as a fascinating document of life in the Lincoln White House. And it established that one of the closest confidantes of Mary Lincoln was indeed a dressmaker who had once been a slave. Sources: Keckley, Elizabeth. Behind the Scenes, Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years In the White House. New York City, G.W. Carleton Company, 1868. Russell, Thaddeus. Keckley, Elizabeth.  Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 1229-1230.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs.  Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 28, Gale, 2008, pp. 196-199.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Brennan, Carol. Keckley, Elizabeth 1818–1907.  Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Margaret Mazurkiewicz, vol. 90, Gale, 2011, pp. 101-104.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Contemporary Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Management - Essay Example In this study, we will tackle how Amazon.com, a leading online seller of books and reading materials, advance its business strategies in a global scale applying theory contemporary management in reaching its market goals effectively. This paper will specifically (a) analyze effective management and the evolution of management’s ideation; (b) analyze effects, influences and changes from numerous factors using theory of contemporary management; (c) examine how management theory can be optimized in Amazon.com’s organization; (d) evaluate the significance and impact of information technologies in contemporary business operation; and finally, (e) appreciate how information systems are optimized to support Amazon.com’s management’s decision-making. Theories of Management Contemporary business management is distinguished by some significant factors with other theories of management. The latter is inclusive of scientific, bureaucratic management, human relations m ovement and progressive management development (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Scientific management theory, which is more widely practiced in the 18th to mid-19th centuries by then emerging large industries, deals with routinary tasks in the manufacturing industries (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). ... 1). The dehumanizing and enslaving relations at workplaces under these management theories motivated workers to deliberate their rights and fought for human relations movement to improve their situations in work places (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Impelled by labor unrest and uprisings, workers demanded for business management that respects their skills, capacities and intelligence (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). They asserted, as reflected with corporate behaviorism, that organizational integrity and development could only be attained if workers rights and needs are considered by the companies (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Bolstered by these movements, workers were capacitated, coached, and mentored for their career development and supervisory skills acquisition (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Most workers were sent to school to acquire knowledge on effective business operation and human resource management (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Nowadays, companies embraced contemporary management which is featured with con tingency, systems and chaos theories (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). The first theory contended that the management assume the power of decision-makings using frameworks and approaches with better leadership styles (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Contemporary leadership adopts the confluence of transformational, transactional, principle-centered and charismatic styles to manage human resources to ascertain that they are well-motivated to meet goals while engaging clients for their respective service satisfaction (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). On the other hand, systems theory extols functional systematic operational procedures laid for workers in business operations and in human resource management (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). The system includes regular meetings, planning, implementation, monitoring,

Commercial Law Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Commercial Law Dissertation - Essay Example ea of regulation that administers different types of possession (ownership) in real property and in personal possessions surrounded by the common law structure. In the civil regulation scheme, there is a separation among variable (movable) and immovable goods. Movable goods approximately correspond to personal goods, at the same time as immovable goods are real estate or real property, and the connected rights and duties thereon. Commercial law is the body of rule that oversees trade and operations. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. Commercial law regulates corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sale of consumer goods. There is also a vast difference between in the rights of ownership and possession in English commercial law. The law and regulation, associated to rights of ownership, will not provide any preference to any exact type of property rights. Right of possession is the authori ty to work out power or authority above the real possessions. A right to ownership can be formed by a variety of legal deals for example: deed, rent, life, estate, will etc. It is necessary to examine the differentiation among Property and Ownership, where goods are most precisely explained as the thing or object to be possessed, and possession is the act of owning, or association that the proprietor has with his belongings. There is also dissimilarity among "ownership", and "possession". Ownership is the condition of exclusive rights and power above the possessions which may be anything, soil or intellectual property. At the same time, right of possession means that somebody presently holds or possesses something. â€Å"There are various legal aspects to the ownership of a property in English law. We will try and cover them all in this section of the website. They include The research aim and methodology of the study is to help us understand the difference between the rights of

Disorder of Donnie Darko Essay Example for Free

Disorder of Donnie Darko Essay Donnie Darko is an almost confusing film about time travel, schizophrenia and the manipulation of ones fate. The film focuses on a teenage schoolboy named Donnie Darko. Donnie is not mentally healthy but he is very intelligent and has extremely high Iowa test scores. He also has a tendency to hallucinate and do destructive things when sleepwalking, such as flooding his school and burning down a house, due to this he is on strong medication and sees a therapist on a regular basis. After a near death experience, Donnie starts seeing an imaginary friend known as Frank. Frank is a seven foot tall, demonic looking rabbit, who tells him about how the world is going to end and of the possibilities of time travel. Frank saved Donnie from this near death experience by telling Donnie to follow him outside and revealed to him that the world was going to end in 28 days, 6 hours, 42 minutes, and 12 seconds. After Donnie was told about the end of the world a plane engine crashed through his house, destroying his bedroom. Luckily Donnie was outside and survived. Donnie also finds love in a new girl to his school named Gretchen Ross. This girl also has a dark past and is somewhat mentally unhealthy as well due to her mother being stabbed four times by her step father. As time goes on Donnie sees more of Frank and more hallucinations, which leads him to think that time travel is possible along with the power to manipulate fate. To prevent all of the negative events Donnie sees himself causing in the future, he goes back in time to stay in his room and die as the plane engine crashes through his home. This prevents a whole butterfly type effect on everyone that surrounds him and the end of the world Frank warns him about. Throughout the movie Donnie is filled with unhappy thoughts and his head is consumed by troubled feelings caused by the prescription pills he takes, although these pills seem to be the only thing that Donnie has to give him a consistent behavior and focus in life. They also open his mind to reality beyond what he normally comprehends. Donnie is tortured by his genius, his fear of death, and struggles with isolating himself brought on by feelings of being rejected for thinking differently or outside the box. Through his genius and reaction to the pills, Donnie saw his destiny and was scared of  dying alone so he created Frank to give him direction. With his second chance in life, Donnie went around making sense of peoples lives and destroying things that could make people unhappy such as his corrupt school. Donnie loves people and wants to help them but he fears what everything means in the big picture, and this is why he needs Frank for direction. He then realizes that his choice to live brought more pain, death, and doom than if he had died in the first place. This is why he chose death, he just needed to understand this so he could be at peace. He then feels happy about himself which is why he dies with a smile on his face. Donnie Darkos behavior is very abnormal, he is not like anybody else in his environment. This can mostly be attributed to being a paranoid schizophrenic. Paranoid schizophrenia is one of the most damaging of all mental disorders. It causes its victims to lose touch with reality as Donnie does with his ideas of time travel. They often begin to hear, see, or feel things that arent really there, or hallucinations which Donnie often experiences. They also become convinced of things that simply are not true which are delusions. In the paranoid form of this disorder, they develop delusions of persecution or personal greatness. The first signs of paranoid schizophrenia usually surface between the ages of 15 and 34. There is no cure, but the disorder can be controlled with medications such as Donnie is forced to take. Since Donnie is a paranoid schizophrenic no prior events would have caused his behavior because schizophrenia is thought to be a chemical imbalance in the brain and is not in any way caused by stress, which disregards any idea of post traumatic events causing his behavior, although stress can make the symptoms worse. One example of this is how the near death experience made his symptoms worse. His symptoms included, confusion, inability to make decisions, hallucinations, changes in sleeping habits, energy level, delusions, nervousness, strange statements or behavior, withdrawal from friends, or school, anger, indifference to the opinions of others, a tendency to argue, a conviction that you are better than others, or that people are out to get you. Without medication and therapy, most paranoid schizophrenics are unable to function in the real world. If they fall victim  to severe hallucinations and delusions, as Donnie does, they can be a danger to themselves and those around them. This is greatly illustrated by Donnie being forced to take his medicines, and causing harm to others such as when he shoots the kid who hit his girlfriend and flooding the school. It is rather evident that Donnie Darko suffers from paranoid schizophrenia.

Making the World a Better Place with My Communications Degree Essay

Various people throughout my educational pursuit have asked me, â€Å"What can you do with a degree in Communications?† My answer is, I can do many things but mostly I want to deliver messages in order to help others. I am a networker by nature and I want to use that skill in order to help initiate positive change. In order to capitalize on my innate persuasive talents, I feel I must strive to speak to people and not at people. Anyone can talk but a true communicator can extract information and talent from others and shed a positive light on an issue or a cause. I want to be that communicator. The historical progress of communication has gone from face-to-face grunts, groans and body language, to cave paintings, to print media and now to social media whereby you can reach virtually anyone in the world. What has not changed are key points, first you must get the other party to hear your message, secondly the message must be received and interpreted and there must be a form of feedback and participation for the message to be successful. I remember my first State College Communication epiphany was realizing that to be a good communicator, you must be a good listener. Communication, particularly in the social media age is a continuous loop of realization that the sender of a message is simultaneously a receiver of message. Without this sender/receiver loop, a person is not communicating with another. When I think of communication, I look to Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs for answers. Abraham Maslow developed a model presenting human needs; starting with the most basic an d advancing to those that motivate and foster personal development. The stages are biological and physical, Safety, Belonging and love, Esteem, and lastly Self-actualizat... ...tions and 9) Interaction posture-otherwise known as the ability to respond to others in a descriptive, nonevaluative and nonjudgmental manner (Lustig & Koester, 2010). Armed with the tools I obtained at State College, I am ready to go out into this complex and exciting world to be a vessel for social change and economic development. I will assist start-up companies as well as small companies that are struggling to enter social media promotion. As a former non-profit director and volunteer, I will extend my volunteer work to include cultural competencies and strategies to promote health, prosperity and cultural tolerance. Works Cited Miller, K. (2012). Organizational communication; approaches and processes. (Sixth Ed.). Boston Lustig, M. & Koester, J. (2010). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures. (Sixth Ed.) Boston

Bullying Essay Essay

Bullying is when someone causes verbal, social, cyber, or physical harm to another; this is an often repeated and habitual behavior. A victim of bullying often socially lower than the bully and is less powerful. Reasons for such behaviour can include differences in race, class, sex, age and ability. Bullying can cause lots of emotional pain to the victim and change the way they feel, think, or act. Victims of bullying are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims according to studies by Yale University. In this paper, I will discuss the effects of bullying, the bully’s point of view and how we can join together to eliminate bullying once and for all. Most people who get bullied are too scared to fight back. They give the bully the reaction he or she wants and the bully is encouraged to continue what he/she is doing. We need to stand up to bullies although this may seem terrifying. We need to build up the courage. Students need to be educated on bullying. Studies show that more than half the people in Canada don’t stand up to bullying and 80% have been bystanders at one point or another. The only way to stop bullying is to work together even if you are not a victim because you may be next. Many people bully other either knowingly or unknowingly. Putting other people down helps bullies feel better about themselves. This is because they have probably been victims of bullying themselves. Lowering others’ self esteem boosts theirs and makes them feel less miserable. This is not a very good method to boost your self-esteem and bullies don’t feel better for long. At least one in three adolescents in Canada have reported being bullied recently. Bullying has adverse effects on victims in terms of health and self esteem. Victims may not want to go to school and, if they do, may not be able to focus as a result of depression. Bullying is very harmful to the mind and if it becomes a long-term thing it may even lead to suicidal thoughts. If youngsters aren’t taught about bullying, they may not know how to fight back and fall into deep depression. Even worse, they could become  bullies. In this essay, I have analyzed the harmful effects bullying can have, why bullying happens and how it can be avoided. It is a big deal to make others feel small.

College Is It Worth It Essay

Right now in our society university education is no longer an option or privilege, but rather a necessity. We are practically raised and conditioned to believe that one needs higher education in order to succeed in life. There is a saying that says â€Å"if you think education is expensive, try ignorance. † But as technology is constantly advancing and computers are running almost anything, is a college education really necessary? There are people who have never set foot in a college and are doing better than people who have their master’s degree. There are views from both sides that contain a valid argument. The main reason why people go to college is not because they want to but because they have to. Most 11th and 12th graders are pressured by their parents to go to college because it is â€Å"the right thing to do. â€Å"† In the essay that Caroline Bird wrote â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money†, she states that students go to college because † . . . Mother wanted them to go, or some other reason entirely irrelevant to the course of studies for which college is supposedly organized. † The student may have different ideas about what he or she wants to do in life, but because they think that their parents know what is best for them, they probably end up doing something they do not want to do, resulting in being miserable and resentful. Let’s face it, going to college is socially prestigious. Most people go to college only for the title of being called a college student. For some young people, it is a graceful way to get away from home and become independent without losing the financial support of their parents. They do not want to be looked down upon so they do what would look â€Å"best in the eyes of society†. It is practically beat into our heads that in order to be a respectable citizen of society, you should have some sort of university education. Being a college student is perhaps a more respectable role than being, for example, a clerk or a garbage man because of the negative connotations such jobs receive. Going to college and getting a degree does not necessarily guarantee that an individual is going to get a job right after graduation. It is hard out there for recent graduates to find a good job since there is so much competition due to the insanely increasing numbers of our population and a wildrace for the lions share in every field. Even if they do get a job, it is usually not in what they got their degree for. Many college students would feel that college is a waste of money because they do not learn what they want to. Instead they have to take classes that have close to nothing to do with their major but are only taking these classes in order to fulfill a general educational requirement. Upon graduation, some feel that they are at a disadvantage because more time could have been spent on learning more within their field of study and less on irrelevant materials. Now for the pros of having a professional college education. The major reason of going to college is, of course, to get a good job. College prepares us with academic knowledge in order to succeed in the future. According to Ernest Boyner higher education is essential for preparation for one’s future. He states that: In spatial terms, teaching and learning may begin in a classroom, but course work also spills over into the life of the campus and the community. Students engage in experimential learning and co-curricular activities that take abstract ideas and anchor them in real-life problems. As the competition to get a decent job is increasing, it is close to impossible to obtain a high paying job without at least a bachelor’s degree. Many jobs that only used to want their workers to have a high school diploma now require some college education due to their extremely complicated nature. Another way college is worth the money, however, is because it is one of the few institutions that often contains people of different ethnic and racial backgrounds. Such a situation allows one to develop their social and communicative skills because they are exposed to unfamiliar cultures. This is necessary for the fact that a person does not want to come across as ignorant towards a certain culture. This only, however, comes in handy when you are being educated abroad. College is like a stepping stone to becoming a responsible adult because for the first time most people are practically on their own (that would definitely include me). It is completely different from high school in that not only that school has to be dealt with, but you have to juggle your personal time and financial state as well. They go away to college and face circumstances that they would most likely come across when they finally do go on their own. Bills have to be paid, time has to be managed efficiently, and deadlines have to be met, just like in the â€Å"real world. † College is not only about getting a good job ‘but about acquiring knowledge and broadening one’s horizon. A lot of courses that are at school are not needed for a certain major but are just there for interested people who want to learn more about a certain subject. Bowen explains this by breaking it down into three aspects: †¦ the specific goals for the education function are derived. This function†¦ is intended to help students develop as persons in three respects: cognitive learning, by expanding their knowledge and intellectual powers; affective development, by enhancing their moral, religious, and emotional interests and sensibilities; and practical competence, by improving their performance in citizenship, work, family life, consumer choice, health, and other practical affairs. It is sometimes just as good to be an intelligent person and know about a lot of things instead of being someone who makes a lot of money. My admission into an arts college after a lifetime of struggle of being an a-grade science student, had led me to seriously consider the complexity of this topic and what i have learned is that college definitely has its pros and cons. But I think that college is what you make of it. It can be the best time of your life, but only if you want it to. You can take the pessimistic view about it and think that college is a waste of money, or it can be looked at as a challenging and exciting new frontier that basically will set the precedent for the rest of your life. No matter what i learn in this environment that has been setup on an organised platform to produce strong and self assured individuls that will help make this deteriorating world a better place to live in ,even if we do’nt do it conciously, what I know for sure is that the education I recieve in this college will always be of invaluable worth once i step out in the ruthless fish-eat-fish world.

How to Determine the Intensity of a Tsunami

How to Determine the Intensity of a Tsunami This 12-point scale of tsunami intensity was proposed in 2001 by Gerassimos Papadopoulos and Fumihiko Imamura. It is meant to correspond to current earthquake intensity scales like the EMS or Mercalli  scales. The tsunami scale is arranged according to a tsunamis effects on humans (a), effects on objects including boats (b), and damage to buildings (c). Note that intensity-I events on the tsunami scale, like their earthquake counterparts, would still be detected, in this case by tide gauges. The authors of the tsunami scale proposed a tentative, rough correlation with tsunami wave heights, which are also noted below. Damage grades are 1, slight damage; 2, moderate damage; 3, heavy damage; 4, destruction; 5, total collapse. Tsunami Scale I. Not felt. II. Scarcely felt.a. Felt by few people onboard small vessels. Not observed on the coast.b. No effect.c. No damage. III. Weak.a. Felt by most people onboard small vessels. Observed by a few people on the coast.b. No effect.c. No damage. IV. Largely observed.a. Felt by all onboard small vessels and by few people onboard large vessels. Observed by most people on the coast.b. Few small vessels move slightly onshore.c. No damage. V. Strong. (wave height 1 meter)a. Felt by all onboard large vessels and observed by all on the coast. Few people are frightened and run to higher ground.b. Many small vessels move strongly onshore, few of them crash into each other or overturn. Traces of sand layer are left behind on ground with favorable circumstances. Limited flooding of cultivated land.c. Limited flooding of outdoor facilities (such as gardens) of near-shore structures. VI. Slightly damaging. (2 m)a. Many people are frightened and run to higher ground.b. Most small vessels move violently onshore, crash strongly into each other, or overturn.c. Damage and flooding in a few wooden structures. Most masonry buildings withstand. VII. Damaging. (4 m)a. Many people are frightened and try to run to higher ground.b. Many small vessels damaged. Few large vessels oscillate violently. Objects of variable size and stability overturn and drift. Sand layer and accumulations of pebbles are left behind. Few aquaculture rafts washed away.c. Many wooden structures damaged, few are demolished or washed away. Damage of grade 1 and flooding in a few masonry buildings. VIII. Heavily damaging. (4 m)a. All people escape to higher ground, a few are washed away.b. Most of the small vessels are damaged, many are washed away. Few large vessels are moved ashore or crash into each other. Big objects are drifted away. Erosion and littering of the beach. Extensive flooding. Slight damage in tsunami-control forests and stop drifts. Many aquaculture rafts washed away, few partially damaged.c. Most wooden structures are washed away or demolished. Damage of grade 2 in a few masonry buildings. Most reinforced-concrete buildings sustain damage, in a few, damage of grade 1 and flooding is observed. IX. Destructive. (8 m)a. Many people are washed away.b. Most small vessels are destroyed or washed away. Many large vessels are moved violently ashore, few are destroyed. Extensive erosion and littering of the beach. Local ground subsidence. Partial destruction in tsunami-control forests and stop drifts. Most aquaculture rafts washed away, many partially damaged.c. Damage of grade 3 in many masonry buildings, few reinforced-concrete buildings suffer from damage grade 2. X. Very destructive. (8 m)a. General panic. Most people are washed away.b. Most large vessels are moved violently ashore, many are destroyed or collide with buildings. Small boulders from the sea bottom are moved inland. Cars overturned and drifted. Oil spills, fires start. Extensive ground subsidence.c. Damage of grade 4 in many masonry buildings, few reinforced-concrete buildings suffer from damage grade 3. Artificial embankments collapse, port breakwaters damaged. XI. Devastating. (16 m)b. Lifelines interrupted. Extensive fires. Water backwash drifts cars and other objects into the sea. Big boulders from sea bottom are moved inland.c. Damage of grade 5 in many masonry buildings. Few reinforced-concrete buildings suffer from damage grade 4, many suffer from damage grade 3. XII. Completely devastating. (32 m)c. Practically all masonry buildings demolished. Most reinforced-concrete buildings suffer from at least damage grade 3. Presented at the 2001 International Tsunami Symposium, Seattle, 8-9 August 2001.

Glossary of Cold War Terms

Glossary of Cold War Terms Every war has its own jargon and the Cold War, despite the fact that there was no open fighting, was no exception. The following is a list of terms used during the Cold War. The most worrisome term  is definitely the broken arrow. ABM Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) are designed to shoot down ballistic missiles (rockets carrying nuclear weapons) before they reach their targets. Arms race Massive military build-up, especially of nuclear weapons, by both the Soviet Union and the United States in an effort to gain military superiority. Brinkmanship Purposely escalating a dangerous situation to the limit ( brink), while giving the impression that you are willing to go to war, in the hope of pressuring your opponents to back down. Broken arrow A nuclear bomb that is either lost, stolen, or accidentally launched that causes a nuclear accident. Though broken arrows made great movie plots throughout the Cold War, the most serious real-life broken arrow occurred on January 17, 1966, when a U.S. B-52 crashed off the coast of Spain. Though all four of the nuclear bombs aboard the B-52 were eventually recovered, radioactive material contaminated large areas around the crash site. Checkpoint Charlie A crossing point between West Berlin and East Berlin when the Berlin Wall divided the city. Cold War The struggle for power between the Soviet Union and the United States that lasted from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The war was considered cold because the aggression was ideological, economic, and diplomatic rather than a direct military conflict. Communism An economic theory in which collective ownership of property leads to a classless society. The form of government in the Soviet Union in which the state owned all means of production and was led by a centralized, authoritarian party. This was viewed as the antithesis of democracy in the United States. Containment Fundamental U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War in which the U.S. tried to contain Communism by preventing it from spreading to other countries. DEFCON An acronym for defense readiness condition. The term is followed by a number (one to five) which informs the U.S. military to the severity of the threat, with DEFCON 5 representing normal, peacetime readiness to DEFCON 1 warning the need for maximum force readiness, i.e. war. Detente The relaxing of tension between the superpowers. See details in  Successes and Failures of Dà ©tente in the Cold War. Deterrence theory A theory that proposed a massive build-up of military and weaponry in order to threaten a destructive counter-attack to any potential attack. The threat was intended to prevent, or deter, anyone from attacking. Fallout shelter Underground structures, stocked with food and other supplies, that were intended to keep people safe from radioactive fallout following a nuclear attack. First strike capability The ability of one country to launch a surprise, massive nuclear attack against another country. The goal of a first strike is to wipe out most, if not all, of the opposing countrys weapons and aircraft, leaving them unable to launch a counter-attack. Glasnost ​ A policy promoted during the latter half of the 1980s in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in which government secrecy (which had characterized the past several decades of Soviet policy) was discouraged and open discussion and distribution of information was encouraged. The term translates to openness in Russian. Hotline ​ A direct line of communication between the White House and the Kremlin  established in 1963. Often called the red telephone. ICBM ​ Intercontinental ballistic missiles were missiles that could carry nuclear bombs across thousands of miles. iron curtain ​ A term used by Winston Churchill  in a speech to describe the growing divide between western democracies and Soviet-influenced states. Limited Test Ban Treaty Signed August 5, 1963, this treaty is a worldwide agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, outer space, or underwater. Missile gap ​ The concern within the U.S. that the Soviet Union had greatly surpassed the U.S. in its stockpile of nuclear missiles. Mutually assured destruction ​ MAD was the guarantee that if one superpower launched a massive nuclear attack, the other would reciprocate by also launching a massive nuclear attack, and both countries would be destroyed. This ultimately became the prime deterrent against a nuclear war between the two superpowers. Perestroika ​ Introduced in June 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev, an economic policy to decentralize the Soviet economy. The term translates to restructuring in Russian. SALT   Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States to limit the number of newly created nuclear weapons. The first negotiations extended from 1969 to 1972 and resulted in SALT I (the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) in which each side agreed to keep their strategic ballistic missile launchers at their current numbers and provided for the increase in submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) in proportion to the decrease in number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The second round of negotiations extended from 1972 to 1979 and resulted in SALT II (the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) which provided a broad range of limitations on offensive nuclear weapons. Space race   A competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to prove their superiority in technology through increasingly impressive accomplishments in space. The race to space began in 1957 when the Soviet Union successfully launched the first satellite,  Sputnik. Star Wars   Nickname (based on the  Star Wars  movie trilogy) of U.S. President Ronald Reagans plan to research, develop, and build a space-based system that could destroy incoming nuclear missiles. Introduced March 23, 1983, and officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). superpower   A country that dominates in political and military power. During the Cold War, there were two superpowers: the Soviet Union and the United States. U.S.S.R.   The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), also commonly called the Soviet Union, was a country that consisted of what is now Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE 2004 TSUNAMI Research Paper

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE 2004 TSUNAMI - Research Paper Example In that terrible event, it was realized that the corporate world is indeed made up of real citizens and that business is never emotionless. This arose out of the many supplies that actually came from the corporate world as small organizations and global multinationals were almost competing in their donations towards the affected people. In the analysis of the physical and economic impact of the tsunami, many issues begin to emerge. The effect of the tsunami was indeed much greater than initially presumed and some of those effects continue to be felt to this day. In the same vein, there are certainly many lessons to be learnt from the economic impact of the tsunami more than the mere short term effects on the affected countries. Physical facts The tsunami began with a seismic shift on the floor of the Indian Ocean on the 26th December 2004 off the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The whole shift set off a giant tidal wave that destroyed and swept houses and other structures on the beac hes wherever if reached. On the Richter scale, the oceanic earthquake measured 9.0 which was certainly a strong force. In less than three weeks later, the number of people who had been confirmed dead from the effects of the tsunami had reached 165,000. More deaths were later realized from water borne diseases, malnutrition and other effects that arose later. In the end, the estimated death toll was over 300,000 (Allen 45). The countries that were physically affected by the tsunami were Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, Maldives, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Myanmar, Seychelles and Bangladesh. Economic impacts of the Tsunami In the face of the tsunami, the immediate direct economic impact was the radical reduction in the consumption and business activity in the affected areas. Many people were greatly affected and they totally had to rely on food donations that mainly came from the corporate bodies. The economic effect of this phenomenon was, therefore, the reduced purchasing power which certainly affected organizations which mainly relied on the Asian markets. The most affected country was Indonesia which experienced a lot of costs in the reconstruction process given that the tsunami had greatly destroyed the costal infrastructure of that country. It was estimated that in the most affected area of Aceh, the government would need over $4 billion in the next five years in order to assist in the reconstruction process given that the area was totally flattened by the great waves. Figures from the International Labor Organization (ILO) reveal that more than 1 million jobs were lost as consequence of the tsunami in Indonesia (Askew 56). In Sri Lanka, the economy was enjoying a relatively high economic growth rate and peaceful times following the end of the 2 year civil unrest in the country. Just like Indonesia, the country was faced with a hefty reconstruction bill considering that its destroyed infrastructure was certainly the most advanced in the whole affected area. The Asian Development Bank estimated the amount to be used in the reconstruction process to be over $1.5 billion (Karan 65). Most importantly, the greatest challenge in the Indonesian case was the long-term effect of the tsunami on the critical tourism industry which contributes greatly to the economy of the country. It was actually realized that tourism, which accounted up to 4.6% of the country’s GDP prior to the tsunami, was greatly affected given that most tourists had to avoid the area for several months that followed the event (Murty 65). Moreover, the tourism infrastructure was totally destroyed and this created the need for reconstruction before